How color influences the car's safety

The color of the car you can judge the nature of car owners, it is assumed that the dyeing machine in a noble color makes the car look richer, and the unusual color, the more expensive car. If you ignore the precepts of Henry Ford - black is preferred for high-end cars. Of course, the choice of color scheme is a purely personal decision motorist, but here is how color affects the safety, unfortunately, not everyone knows. In this article we will try to tell those who will paint cars, or those who can not decide what colors to choose a new car. • Black - the symbol of self-confidence and solidity. This is evidence of principle, stability, ambition and insistence car owner. But on the road in inclement weather with poor visibility can be dangerous, as it merges with the environment. Also because the owners of such cars, prefer to drive fast in the left lane, driving cars mere mortals. • White - very good highlights and conveys the shape and design lines. Owners of such cars poised and calm, scrupulously following the rules of motion. According to statistics from the white car stolen less often than cars of other colors. But the nice sunny, cloudy white, can be dangerous in snowy winter. • Blue and white - the colors are sometimes hampered by a realistic assessment of the situation on the road. • Green - the symbol of peace, comfort and balance. Its owner, as a rule, a person sober, steady and slow in decision making. Merging with the outline of the summer landscape, adjacent to countryside trails, green car can be dangerous. • Red - the tone of automotive passion.

Heat clearances on the valves and the magnitude of compression

To clarify the causes of poor acceleration dynamics car should check the thermal regulation of clearance on the valves and the amount of compression in the engine cylinders. Data on the value of the compression and clearances on the valves must be taken from specific directories. When checking the compression is important temperature warmed-up engine, good condition and serviceability of the battery on the starter. Before measuring the need to unscrew all the spark plugs. The air intake valve on the carburetor is opened. For the safety of the work must disconnect the ignition coil or take any other action to prevent sparks. If the carburetor has a solenoid valve, then it too should be disabled before testing. All disconnected wires should not accidentally fall on the mass of IPT on the hot muffler. Measure the compression to squeezed with a clutch pedal. Throttle position at the time of measuring the compression also has its value. Open flap facilitates filling the cylinders with air. Closed door - makes it difficult to fill. Therefore, the values ??of compression at different throttle position may be different. Measuring the compression occurs when the rotation of the starter motor to the maximum index for each cylinder in sequence. For the reliability of measurement results can be several times to check each cylinder in the open and closed throttle position. The results of measurements should be recorded. To get an unbiased opinion on the state you want to check the engine compression at three different instruments, as compressometer - rather rough instrument and make some conclusions after a single measurement would be irresponsible.

The modern airbrush and stickers for the car

Decorated car carries positive energy to others and demonstrates the viability of social ownership. In the design of the car shows individuality and character of the driver. The main thing - to move away from stereotypes and invent something new. Today airbrush is used to decorate a taxi. And the customer is able to order a taxi to the wedding, decorated with lovely and romantic figures. Airbrush will help turn the car into a vivid picture of the wheels. The process is time consuming: with an airbrush artist on the surface of the car airbrushing a drawing. You can paint the whole car or just the hood and doors. A label can be, for example, to write beautifully on a minibus' taxi at Vnukovo ". Areas of airbrushing a variety, it all depends on the type of vehicle and the owner desires. In a fashion theme of fire, abstraction, images of dragons, "fantasy", natural motifs and style of "biomechanics." Before applying the airbrush prepared surface of the car, removing scratches and dents. Then airbrush artist to make a drawing, with the wishes of the vehicle owner. We use high quality automotive paints, stencils, cut, etc. To protect the image from being damaged protective coatings are applied. The final stage - the polished, which helps to find the car mirror surface. If the car owner is not willing to drastically change the look of the car, you can use stickers on the hood, doors, trunk, glass or bumper. Spectacular stickers will hold on to the car from 3 to 8 years, depending on the quality of the film.

Car wash - a modern small business

In our time, an increasing number of small businesses. This is facilitated by several factors: the government relief and greater availability of opening her small business. Many people think that starting a business based on the washing of cars is very easy. But only at first glance, because even such an easy, at first glance, the car business can give a lot of pitfalls. But we will try to figure out how to organize the business of washing machines to get the maximum return. Suppose one day you decide to go into business for washing cars. What will it take. First, choose the right place to house your car wash. If you choose a location near a busy road with high traffic road, you will be attending only the occasional customers who only need to wash the car and go on. To do this, wash with plenty of posts, so as not to create the queue, otherwise it just goes away, and not waiting their turn. Car wash can also be organized in a residential area of ??the city or near public places. You can count on loyal customers who will stop off to you, such as once a week. And accordingly, there should be another call to the client. In addition to the standard car wash should be provided services to seasonal change tires, minor repairs car. Also, do not prevent the existence of a cafe or shop nearby or at the car wash itself, where the client can safely spend time in washing his car. For example, some service stations, is a must visit avomoyki before repairing the car. For example, car Mercedes-Pro Tools provides a free car wash before servicing the vehicle.

Strong fouling at the inlet valves and the intake manifold

Heavy soot on the inlet valves and the intake manifold is one of the reasons for reducing engine power. Nagar in these areas greatly complicates the filling of cylinders operating with a mixture of the decrease in cross-section inlets. On engines equipped with distributed injection gasoline fuel mixture is fed directly to the inlet valve, bypassing all the way through the intake manifold from the carburetor to the combustion chamber. And just this fact alone greatly increases the power and speed of promotion engine. In multi-point fuel injection systems intake manifold is a "dry", that is, the collector moves only air and fuel is fed directly to the nozzle inlet valve. On the carburetor engine petrol, getting into a hot exhaust manifold, partially converted to steam and vacuum under the influence of more or less evenly fills the cylinders of the working mixture. Therefore, the formation of the collector and the carbon on the valves makes it difficult to pass the working mixture. On top of that snuff has a heat insulation properties and it aggravates the formation of benzoparovozdushnoy fraction. A large number of soot can reduce engine power by 30 - 40%. Rapid formation of carbon deposits in the reservoir and the inlet valves is favored short trips to the motor is cold, the work of the crankcase ventilation, faulty valve stem seals on the valves, long-term operation of the car with a clogged catalyst, rough surface of the inner channels of the intake manifold, the poor quality of gasoline.

Opel Antara - the first crossover brand Opel AG

The world-famous German brand Opel - is considered a prestigious and at the same time democratic. Add to this the traditional German quality, pedantry in fine-tuning of each item, interesting design designers then you get truly high quality and attractive car. It is to them and is Opel Antara - superb all-wheel drive crossover vehicle. His twin brother is the famous Chevrolet Captiva, beautifully manifested itself on the national roads. Authorised dealers of Opel Antara offered in different variations. Engine capacity of 2.4 to 3.2 liters, and power - from 140 to 227 hp If you stop your choice on the turbo, its volume will be 2 liters and a maximum power - 110 or 127 liters. with. At each diesel engine has a particulate filter. Another important point that distinguishes Opel Antara, - is the presence of a special intelligence system that regulates the work of all-wheel drive. Thanks to Antara has all the advantages of front wheel drive car in addition to all the pluses of a full drive. Thus, the company offers the Opel Antara in the face of high dynamic performance and driving stability during acceleration when driving on the highway, and a full set of features required for active movement on the road. As well as the Chevrolet Captiva, Antara features an electrohydraulic differential and having electronic control system. With this in any situation is supported by the most appropriate indicator of the distribution of torque. Wheel-drive system is integrated with systems such as ABS and ESP (antilock braking and dynamic stabilization), which makes it easier to control and increasing the safety car.

The Spartan nature of the Daewoo Nexia

Russians with limited financial resources (such as the majority) are forced to choose between Zhigulis and inexpensive foreign cars. Korean copy of the Opel Kadett in the face of Daewoo Nexia and is one of those happy possibilities. As is known, was originally imported cars of the brand directly from Korea. Sparta modesty is not complete first pushed the lucky owners of cheap foreign cars. The problem was parts for Daewoo Nexia, which was to buy is not so easy. Then there were the Russian and Uzbek Daewoo assembly. Rather, in Chicago, really organized assembly plant. Auto-set was transported across the border, and was going to diverge from the showroom. The quality of cars is no different from Korean. Another thing - Uzbek car. In Uzbekistan, organized a full-fledged production, including the stamping of body parts. For this reason, the Uzbek machines is assigned a unique VIN-number. To be fair, the Uzbek cars are not inferior in quality produced in Korea, Daewoo. Many of the mechanisms Daewoo Nexia - it's finalized, or slightly reworked parts and spares Opel. They are economical and reliable, and do not require increased attention. However, parts Daewoo, have their own life, and the excess of these terms does not benefit your car. For example, run the engine mezhservisny Nexia is 10000km. If the oil change is less common, it's easy to hear the knock on hydropushers valves which clog up the used oil. Keep in mind that opelevsky engine "does not like" the 95th petrol - he "prefers" the gasoline AI-92.

Auto-glass for all types of vehicles

The first car with a glass body came in 1899, and since then the production and installation of automotive glass does not lose its relevance. There is a simple explanation - every motorist wants to feel comfortable and confident while driving. Autoglasses not only allow the driver and his passengers to see the world, but also perform a protective function, shielding them from rain, dust and flying from under the wheels of stones. No one is immune from getting a hailstorm or, unfortunately, an accident, because the auto-glass to be sure, strong. The main burden falls on the windshield, so that the car needs to be given special attention. I think many of you have heard hideous rattling sound, caused by poor-quality windshield installation. A crack-webs and chips can spoil all the fun of travel. At first glance - little things, but, nevertheless, poorly installed windshield is unlikely to survive more or less serious challenge on the road and can even cause an accident! That is why the incorrect installation of the windshield or the purchase of low quality products - it is not just a waste of money, but also a threat to your health. It should be remembered that the quality of auto-glass products are manufactured at the factory with the use of professional equipment. Now, every driver can choose exactly what they need, such as triplex or Stalin. Triplex - glass, consisting of three layers, and between which there is a special film of polivinilbuterala not allowing glass splinters to fly apart in case of damage, which increases the elasticity and strength of the windshield.

Check the operation of the centrifugal regulator ignition

Immediately after installing the ignition to check the functioning of the centrifugal regulator ignition timing, which is responsible for the dynamics of dispersal of the car. Before checking it is necessary to remove the tube from the vacuum regulator timing, as the centrifugal and vacuum regulators are tested separately. To check the engine running smoothly to press the gas and thus follow a blinking light strobe for mobile label TDC (TDC) on the crankshaft pulley or flywheel. With increasing engine speed label should move smoothly on the pulley in the direction of the ignition, while reducing the speed to idle again to return to his seat. For efficient operation of the engine required a strict correspondence between the number of revolutions and POPs (ignition timing). Any value of engine speed corresponds to a value of ignition. Only the exact correspondence of these values ??can drive to demonstrate their maximum potential. Each engine has its own relation between the ignition and the number of revolutions. Centrifugal regulator device allows you to adjust the change plugs, adjusting it for the engine speed. Bending springs holders, you can change the force with which the weights act on the ignition. To fine-tune the centrifugal regulator is necessary to use background information on the motor. For example: speed POPs 800 10 1200 15 1600 20 2500 35 Irregularities of the centrifugal regulator greatly affect the power and engine efficiency. There are a number of malfunctions that often occur.

Secondary market for cars and its secrets

To date, monitoring specialists, one of three car buyers in Moscow with four-wheel purchase and receive a lot of problems. This sad statistic is due to fraud and tricks used by unscrupulous, and sometimes not law-abiding sellers. How do we avoid these "traps" and avoid becoming a victim of fraud? In Russia, wealthy buyers only 20-25% that can afford new cars, other buyers use the secondary market in which, unfortunately, not everyone fairly and smoothly .... Way to sell in Russian and if changed, slightly. And the "twist the speedometer" before the sale is still not difficult. So if you decide to buy a car on the market, then do it better with friends, or in the company of an expert or consultant, or pre-agree on a possible return. In another case, it is better to buy a car there. Car fraud is very common, and it is virtually unprovable and, therefore, almost not punishable. There are many different types of fraud schemes. But the main - two. You offer a normal car (it regularly and in good condition, good year), but the documents abnormal (auto theft in, in search, not cleared or cleared, but incorrectly, etc.). The second option, when the vehicle documents in order, but he himself with defects, but it's just impossible to identify. Carried out so-called "live-bait fishing for." According to experts, every third or fourth car that comes with a hand in the capital, has hidden defects. However, selling car tint, podkruchivayut and make different "bells and whistles." After such training might look like the car looks just fine, but be rotten through and through.

Choosing a car

Unlike foreign countries, where every second person has a personal vehicle, our compatriots can only dream of such. The whole reason for the high price of cars in relation to the average wage. Is much cheaper to bring second-hand car from abroad, give up their iron horses, there is much easier than here at home, because the planned replacement vehicle is held every 1-5years, but we still manage to cars passed down from generation to generation and they are really worth that as antiques. In place of the domestic Zaporozhets, Volga, Lada, Honda came to fashion, Mazda, Bentley, and hundreds of models, differing their pricing, as well as corresponding to the different class categories. These machines are not all afford it, and many hard to buy a car even supported at this level. Most business-class machines are rarely supported by buying in the state, most often it concerns the category of middle class. This is the most popular cars, these include Skoda, Daewoo and other models in this category. Some citizens prefer to inexpensive foreign cars are more expensive but more reliable, respectively, and domestic. Thus, among the market leader in sales of Lada, it is one of the trusted representatives of its class and is of high quality, unlike their foreign counterparts. Most often, these differences manifest themselves in an accident, the majority of foreign low-cost cars that enter the domestic market, do not hold, they are completely unfit to ride. In case of accident, most of the models retain the original appearance outwardly, but inside, the passengers and the driver does not leave any chance to survive.

Check and set ignition timing

To set the carburetor before competent to check the ignition angle. Engine performance and economy are directly dependent on the installation of ignition. Unable to professionally repair a carburetor, not paying attention to the ignition system. To measure the POPs have to use strobe and data on different motors taken from the professional guides that are sold everywhere. When the distributor vacuum regulator mounted ignition, then you need to know exactly under what conditions the regulator enters the vacuum. In total there are two main options: vacuum enters the regulator only after slight pressure on the gas pedal. The vacuum is constantly supplied to the regulator at routine motor. In the late 80s and early 90s on foreign cars, complex design of the vacuum connections to the mechanical ignition control. The meaning of these complications consisted in changing the power vacuum acting on the regulator, depending on engine temperature. In addition to the set of tubes, in these constructions used different thermoswitches and actuators, valve delays and collectors of condensate. But even the most complex wiring diagram applies to the first or second choices. In the end, the designers abandoned the ignition systems unreliable mechanical control and now in modern cars operate unregulated electronic components, automatically controlling ignition. All this is said to be clear - the most complicated system of vacuum connection can be simplified if you know the conditions under which the regulator should do a vacuum.

Private driving instruction

In any teaching plays an important role individually. If the driving school you can not provide this for the simple reason that you have many, but one teacher, the individual driving instructor will work specifically with you and will select the appropriate technique to familiarity with private transport has become a pleasant and easy. There are a number of reasons why many people now prefer the personal contact with the teacher. One of the most important and weighty - it's easy. Driving school will have to attend to certain designated hours, and get to the place of study for many presents certain difficulties. A driving instructor arrives at a convenient time for you anywhere in the city. Thus, you do not adjust to the "school" hard mode, and can create their own individual timetable. This fact is especially interested in those who combine training with work, that is, the majority of students driving schools. Now about the training. Everyone is different with its own level of learning, one all grasp on the fly, the other for the same amount of information takes time. Catching up with the group, you have to adjust to the imposed pace of instruction, but if you work a driving instructor, then you are dictating terms. Professional psychological approach and specific methods of teaching will help you quickly and, more importantly, to learn all the material quality. You can safely and carefully work out each motor skill until it becomes for you everyday and commonplace.

Sluggish acceleration car

Sluggish acceleration the car has the same cause, which may be repeated for different brands of machines. The first thing to check adjustment of the full opening of the throttle. When fully pressed the gas pedal to the carburetor throttle double chamber first and second chambers should be fully open. If the carburetor is installed vacuum opening drive of the second camera, then after a full pedal a must manually check the ease of the throttle valve of the second camera. This test can not be performed routinely on the motor. The reason for part-time opening the throttle may be incorrect adjustment of a cable or rod gas, big thick carpets in the cabin under the gas pedal, gas pedal bent incorrectly, the big play in the joints between the rods, levers grazing throttle for the intake manifold gasket or the elements under the carburetor. Check the full opening of the throttle should be performed after each install the carburetor. Push the gas only from the car. Great influence on the dynamics of dispersal car has ignition timing and correct operation of POPs vacuum and centrifugal controls ignition timing. Sticking a centrifugal regulator, the breakthrough of the membrane in a vacuum regulator and improper installation of ignition dramatically degrade engine performance. In the process of assembling the carburetor should pay attention to proper installation of diffusers, according to the main fuel vapor and air nozzles in the main. It is important to clean the channels from the first and second chambers to the vacuum opening drive of the second camera and serviceability of the vacuum actuator.

How to handle the car windshield wipers

It's no secret that auto sales - is one of the main components of the automotive business. Although not the only one. Any means of transportation, like a living organism, needs the continued support of physical fitness. Inveterate motorists know that the timely "treatment" is directly related to the life of "horses". In the operation of every detail is important. Replacing oil suspensions, and even janitors necessary operations in the life of any vehicle. Agree to be under heavy rain in the car, equipped with old or poor-quality brushes windshield - unpleasant situation. To prove it does not need to take responsibility for the choice of this seemingly insignificant item. First of all, we must pay attention to the state of the rubber edge of the brush. Its smoothness and flatness, and lack any kind of burr testify as a commodity. Of course, branded the "native" wipers for import cars are decent. And if you suddenly broke a rubber element, splurge on a wiper oh so you do not want. Manufacturers themselves claim that the replacement of only the cause of gum does not help. However, it may well be enough. Of course, also ideal to work as a janitor firm will be gone. But the clear glass at the same time will be well. So save in this case, it is still possible. In addition, do not necessarily opt for foreign gum, it will fit domestic. There is another way that does not require any sort of cost, correct operation of the wiper. Even the highest-quality and expensive wipers can quickly become unusable.

Tips novice drivers

You have successfully passed the exam and received a law? Congratulations, now you can be called by the driver. True, it begins. It does not hurt and is not bad. It just means that you have much to learn from experience and not a lot to learn in driving school, and in practice. If you are a novice driver, it's time to remember the advice that you gave your avtoinstruktor or individual instructor driving, and wind up on the new mustache. It is important, for example, remember a few simple truths associated with inhibition. Firstly, it is impossible to slow down on turns. This can lead to skidding and rollover of the vehicle. Thus, the inhibition should be complete before the start of the turn. Second, remember that braking distances on icy road surfaces increased about tenfold. In such cases it is necessary to apply the combined inhibition. Third, if your machine is still the beginning of a skid, do intermittent braking. To perform such an inhibition to strongly press the gas pedal and quickly release it. Then again, press the brake and release it again, but with less intensity. This procedure should be repeated until, until the speed decreases. Any professional avtoinstruktor can give you advice about the quality of the roadway. For example, it should be remembered that the road can be slippery, not only in the cold season. Asphalt becomes slippery when it rains. Cause sliding dew and fog, as well as fallen leaves. To check whether a slippery road, you need a moment to give full throttle in second gear at a minimum rate.

How to change oil in automatic transmission Mercedes?

Despite the reliability of the car, sometimes you do need to give to a Mercedes repair. The primary diagnosis can be made by phone. Describe the symptoms of a faulty engine or transmission that bother you, and you can get advice and be able to make simple repairs or replacement. In the auto center will conduct a complete diagnosis of your car. This includes checking the quality of oil in the automatic transmission and the presence of wear parts in the crankcase. Will check whether your electrical system, as well as your car will arrange a test drive, that is, will test his work in motion. According to the results of diagnostics will be decided on the timing and price of services is calculated. To avoid the cost of repair or at least do it as seldom as possible in your power to monitor the oil level in automatic transmissions and in time to change it. The oil level should be checked at Mercedes, where he will first 1200-1600 km, and then - every 24-30 thousand miles. Level measured at the working and the engine is hot (about 90 ° C), this car has to drive 15-20 km. Install the appliance as possible on a flat horizontal surface, the gears must be in the "P", the parking brake, the engine runs at idle. Remove the dipstick from the transmission and wipe it dry, consider the marks on the dipstick. They may be bottom - to measure the level of cold butter and top. The top labels conform to the standard level for them and need to be measured. Insert the probe and pull out again, the bottom line of dry land and will meet the level of oil in the gearbox.

Diagnosis of motor appearance of spark plugs

To the effective methods of general diagnosis engine tests is in appearance the spark plugs. Condition of electrodes and ceramic insulator cone color of the central electrode has a lot to tell an experienced mechanic. Spark plugs are accurate indicators of each cylinder. Before this test to make sure the control ride on car for 10-15 minutes. During the trip, you can not use a manual choke control mechanism. After the trip - unscrew all the candles and lay them accordingly cylinders in which they worked. Absolutely good for the engine all the candles are equally clean, but the color of the conical ceramic insulator of the central electrode can vary, depending on the total life of the candle. At the new facility will spark the cone of the same color as the rest of the ceramic candle. More common in white ceramic. At the candlelight, after a few thousand kilometers, the ceramic insulator starts to get light shades of yellow, brown or gray. The color depends on the chemical composition of the gasoline that runs the car. Combustion of oil in the cylinder also changes color over time insulator. The old spark is easy to determine on the worn electrodes. In the operation of the metal burns to the electrodes, the gap increases, the shape of the electrodes changes. For example, a new candle with three side electrodes has a central electrode in the form of a small circular cylinder. And the candle, who has worked 60 thousand km. This electrode has a sharp triangular looks like a pencil.

Detailed description of the radio-controlled cars

RC cars - it's quite popular toy radio-controlled models, which have very good ranking among the world's people. The first radio-controlled cars appeared in the distant past and today enjoy great reputation among his fans. Due to various radio-controlled cars you can feel like high-speed racer on a race track, the driver extreme difficult routes, etc. Various radio-controlled vehicles can be divided into several types: 1) Machines that have a different engine. 2) Machines, which differ in purpose of use. 3) Machines, which differ in their staffing. On engine type, radio-controlled vehicles can be divided into several types: 1) Machines with an electric motor. Radio-controlled cars that have electric motors are simple to use, because the electric motor is universal for all types of radio controlled models. The advantages of this engine: do not leave odors, does not emit smoke, stands out for its simplicity in operation, as well as running on a battery that provides the engine to recharge the stable energy of the battery. 2) Machines with internal combustion engine. Radio-controlled cars that have an internal combustion engine (ICE), are more powerful, faster, and also recommended to use only by experienced users. To prepare the data models of cars on the ICE is required to possess the following knowledge: be able to fill the fuel and oil, set the spark plug, as well as heat these candles with a special device. As intended to use radio-controlled vehicles can be divided into several types: 1) RC buggy - it's powerful and high-speed radio-controlled cars.

Gift motorist

Gift, selected with special attention and warmth, always appreciated. In it, we put our feelings in an attempt to convey to the object of giving love. But often, when choosing a gift to mind all sorts of trivia, such as perfume or money in an envelope. If you face the question: what to give motorists, use a few tips to please the birthday child. If you can finance, start by selecting a good set of tires. Visit a specialty store where you can pick up a quality set, as winter and summer tires on the cars of domestic and foreign production. In any case, such a gift will never be over, because as we know, tires have a higher wear and damage. Your friend motorist have small children? Then give him a car seat, which is chosen age group, respectively. However, such a gift not everyone can afford, but you can buy an adapter functional children's safety belt, made in the original solution. Many dog ??owners are taking a trip of his four-legged pets. Give the belt and safety vest for his pet. Such a gift you just touch the heart of the birthday child. Car treatment - a worthy gift for the car owner who has his "iron horse" in a clean and tidy. Here too there is plenty to choose from. Dashboard cleaners, air fresheners, polishes, Autoshampooes, detergents, presented today at the very wide range. Any car from the elegant Citroen to mobile SUV require regular and appropriate care for each other. Brand new set of tools and radio also will motorist. Wireless headset for hands free mobile phone will allow the driver to respond to calls while driving his car and not be distracted from the road.

Check the general condition of the carburetor

Troubleshooting Vehicle - a process that can take a long time. The quickest way to find the fault is to follow the logic checks. First you need to interview the owner of the car. The master must understand exactly what the customer complains and assess their capabilities in carrying out repairs. If it does not find out immediately, then later misunderstandings can occur. Sometimes there are customers with such requests, which in some cases be better to abandon the repair. Before you undertake the repair of the carburetor to make an assessment of its overall condition. You should also take into account the age of the car and the wishes of its owner. It may happen that to repair, as the naive customer wants - it will be impossible. We must think carefully before you take to repair the broken, bent, sometimes cooked by electric wire and twisted the carburetor. To examine the status of a well-carb, it is necessary to remove the entire air filter housing. Externally, the carburetor and air filter, you can determine how long ago it was served and on the judge for the owner to his car. Any filter has a parameter called hydraulic resistance. In a new, clean, dry filter is the least resistance. In the process of clogging the filter element increases its resistance. Moisture filter also increases the resistance. Carburetor - is a vacuum device that mixes air and fuel - these two components of the working mixture. Blocking access via a single component, we increase the percentage of another component in the working mixture.

How to save by purchasing auto insurance

If you have recently bought a new car, for example a Ford Focus or Astra, or the other, and you have a need to acquire avtopolisa and meet with an insurance agent, you should remember about the 7 key principles that will help save without sacrificing quality . 1) If you've already decided to choose an insurance company, taking into account besides the price for the insurance and financial situation of the company, you should see the dependency rate and the franchise. 2) Be very careful when choosing a station, because the basis of the prices on it, will be the calculation of damages. 3) It is necessary to inquire in advance in what amount the insurance company estimated the car. 4) Pay attention to what the terms of the contract covers the policy. Most insurance companies offer the possibility of territorial coverage in the area of ??Russia, CIS and Europe. Of course, if you do not travel abroad on private cars, there is no reason to include this item territorial. But if you say you want to go to Ukraine, or further, then do not buy the whole package is territorial, and to issue an option for a period of travel. Of course if you pay for a certain period, but not for the whole year will greatly save your money. 5) Remember that it is possible to split the payment for certain periods of time. In some firms, Citizens Insurance has an option to switch on the multiplying factor to the tariff (price increase from 2% to 10%) in the division of payment for 2 months or 4 quarters. But in most insurance companies have the ability to pay in stages.

Repair and prevention of the carburetor

From how well the car runs a carburetor, depends on many things. And it's not just a matter of high-torque engines, or the maximum speed that the iron horse "show" on the road. That is the question of fuel consumption (which is very relevant today). However, like any other high-tech parts of the car, many of the features in the carburetor operates fine, we can say, jewelry items. Therefore, repairs and preventative maintenance of this important body of the vehicle should be carried out very carefully, and it is better to contact the service center. First steps. Check tightness of connections to the details of the carburetor. One reason for the poor quality of the carburetor - it hit the air in "unnecessary" field. Suck the air more often on the docking parts carburetor, the carburetor mounting flange to the outlet pipe and into the ground adjoining the inlet pipe to the throttle body. Often place suction imperceptibly at first sight, therefore, possible problem areas covered soap (if checked in her window is formed at the point of air flow). In addition, the location of leaking at the junction of the inlet to the housing carburetor can be detected by carefully wiping the joint with a clean cloth. If the leak is, it appears on the surface of metal thin film of fuel. At the outlet of a breach of integrity can be seen in the wake of smoke, which remains around the site of decompression. If the point of suction is found, do not rush to dismantle unit. First, try to tighten the nuts or screws (possibly pre-bolts or nuts will slightly drop).

Improper installation of a belt or chain valve timing

One of the causes sluggish acceleration and increased vehicle fuel economy may be incorrect installation of a belt or chain timing. Value labels on the pulleys when installing timing should be just the relevant manufacturer's instructions. Any other position markers only worsens the power characteristics of the motor. We often hear that the interchange of the belt on one or two teeth has led to a better driving car. But as a result of more rigorous inspections it appeared that some masters rather vaguely understand the difference between the installation of ignition timing. When moving the crank pulley mark and the camshaft together with the ignition timing varies roughly as the distributor for many engines installed on the same camshaft. In this case, was required to prove only the ignition timing marks and leave it alone. Violation of timing may be the cause of unstable operation of the engine at idle. Pay special attention should be approached to set timing on engines with balancer shafts. When installing the timing should be used by professional directories, which are now sold everywhere. Directory will save you from stupid and pointless searches the best combination of tags.

Modern diagnostics of electrical equipment. Diagnostic equipment

Diagnose car - a set of methods and means for determining the technical state of a device or system. And diagnostic equipment is a means of troubleshooting. It varies in applicability, complexity, performance and operating capabilities, accuracy of analysis. Until recently, the standard set of equipment consisted of an oscilloscope, multimeter, strobe and other devices, enabling the identification of obvious problems, which "see" these devices at the moment of diagnosis. Cars are improving, with them being upgraded and diagnostic methods. Modern cars are equipped with electronic control car (ECU) that can record and store information about the crash occurred (Diagnostic Trouble Code), obtained from the nominal sensor during operation systems. This enables the diagnostician to know about the so-called "wandering", that is emerging from time to time faults. Some ECU realized the potential of saving not only the error codes, but also relevant to the time parameters of the systems. Types of diagnostic equipment diagnostic equipment can be divided into several groups. The first group includes machines that can diagnose almost any car system. The second - the motor testers, mainly intended to diagnose engine ECU, and automotive oscilloscopes. The third - instruments, testing a specific system. Automotive Automotive scanner scanner - a device intended to diagnose electronic "stuffing." Feature of the scanner is that it does not have its own sensors, and connects to the computer and reads the information from the system.

Optimum power automotive acoustics

Only an optimal combination of all parameters of sound system (head unit (car radio), speakers, amplifiers and a subwoofer) can provide a stable and pure sound in the cabin of the private vehicle or rental of a car. Determine the required capacity of all components can be examined data that manufacturers usually specify in the instructions. As a rule, the documents identified three parameter power: nominal (RMS), maximum and peak. Under the rated capacity refers to the extent to which speakers work without distortion and noise. At a maximum - perhaps uncritical experience interference, the peak power often leads to mechanical failure of devices. In some cases, the instructions specify only the peak or maximum power, so when buying is to find out all the technical parameters of the sales assistant. If you, for example, are interested in car rental in St. Petersburg or in Moscow for their honeymoon, you can be sure that the companies providing similar services, installed in the machines only powerful devices that can withstand any load. For personal auto experts recommend choosing amplifiers with a rated capacity of 1.6 times the power of the speakers. This is due to the fact that the sound quality is formed when using amplifiers and speakers 60% to 90% of their rated capacity. With a low power amplifier is sometimes the effect of "clipping", which disables the speakers. Head unit (radio) may cause irreparable harm to the speakers with a very low resistance (2 or 3 ohms), as an amplifier, such loads are extremely critical.

How to ensure smooth operation of the vehicle

There is not born with a steering wheel in your hands. Therefore, all go through various stages of cognition and learning. And the first thing that needs to be fully understand myself - which aggregates ensure smooth operation of your vehicle. Even if you purchased a "Volkswagen", remember how it works is no different from "The Cossacks." So, what are the main points that affect the safety of our cars? To begin with - it's undercarriage. Sometimes it appears at a speed of vibration. This usually occurs because of swelling of the wheel. If it makes itself felt the front wheel, and even at high speeds, the accident provided to you. Although the vibrations may be many reasons. And with an imbalance of the wheels, and bend the cardan you feel the same vibration. If you have deteriorated braking performance, then you should not rely on the fact that your car is a reliable and time-stamp, as "Skoda". So, if you feel that the brakes are not as responsive as they used to check the brake fluid reservoir. And do not forget to visit the entire brake line. Another problem that is always relevant to any car - it's a problem with the power supply system. If you smell gasoline, stop the engine immediately. Need to find out why. This is usually cracks or hoses. But perhaps this is a problem with the carburetor inlet fitting or petrol pumps. If you have expensive your car, do not be lazy. Timely and properly adjust the ignition system, valves, and of course the carburetor.

How does GPS - Navigation

One of the pressing problems of today's motorists - protecting their cars from theft. Currently, there are a variety of methods of protection, but none of them did not give an absolute guarantee of safety. When to monitor the transport, the most inexpensive cars are equipped with most of them anti-theft devices in the simplest, and in expensive cars are set serious security devices. These include GPS-navigators that allow you to locate the vehicle in any area. So what is a GPS-navigation? This system, which consists of satellites (NAVSTAR) and ground monitoring stations, which are united in a common network. And as her individual subscriber receivers, which take the satellite signals and calculate this information, its location to within 100 meters, and full coordinates of latitude, longitude, and altitude, as well as determination of time of up to 1 nanosecond. In the system itself consists of 24 NAVSTAR satellites that are located in six orbits at an angle of 60 degrees to each other. Each of them turns around the planet in 12 hours. In each set the atomic clock, computing encoder and transmitter, operating at 1575, 42 MHz. Satellites are changed every 10 years, and the cost of their construction about 12 billion dollars. Location of each surface object is determined by the delay time of receiving a message from time to time send a message board the satellite. Therefore, the clock on the receiver and the satellite sync. As already mentioned, that the error in determining the location of up to 100 meters, but this distance is generally reduced to 30 m, and in some cases only a few centimeters.

Symptoms of clogged exhaust system

Clogging of the catalyst can be determined by the work of the engine on very apparent hissing sound coming from under the car, in addition, putting a hand to the end of the exhaust pipe, you can test the strength of the exhaust and the degree of clogging the system. On the performance of the catalyst shows a high temperature of exhaust gases and copious steam and water droplets at the outlet of the pipe. The temperature of the gas at the outlet of the pipe can be checked with his hand, being careful. If the exhaust system has an oxygen sensor or a measuring tube for CO gas analyzer, in this case, we can accurately measure the loss of the exhaust system. Manometer to 5 kg / cm is connected via an adapter instead of the oxygen sensor or vykruchennogo to measure the CO tube. Under normal conditions, the catalyst life of about 60 000 km. Serious damage to the catalyst can occur only if it is misuse. Running the engine with intermittent ignition or enrichment of the mixture lead to overheating and melting of the catalyst that makes the cork in the exhaust pipe. If you do not want to buy a new catalyst that can knock out the old. Knockout of the catalyst should be complete, since the remaining tube into small fragments of ceramic element can clog the following passages in the killing. When clogged exhaust system spark plugs will always be black because of the deterioration of the combustion process of the working mixture.

GPS vehicle tracking

GPS monitoring of transport - a type of satellite monitoring of transport, which is based on the use of American satellites GPS. One must distinguish between GPS monitoring of transport with the American GPS and GLONASS monitoring with the help of Russian GLONASS satellites. GPS monitoring - a technology that is used in dispatching services, transportation, and for solving many problems in transport logistics transport management, and automated systems for fleet management in order to control the actual routes of vehicles using satellite GPS. Today Russia is gaining popularity in the direction of the GLONASS monitoring of transport, his work is based on the functioning of the Russian GLONASS satellites. AutoTracker - a device that is installed on cars to track its further movement and control of its location. Usually, the tracker determines its own location by taking the signals of GLONASS and GPS and sending them via the mobile internet GPRS channel to the server on the Internet, which observes the movement of the unit owner. Virtually all modern (2008-2009) devices that operate on this principle, capable of receiving incoming calls. GPS-monitoring system of transport has the following tasks: * Monitoring allows you to track the current position, direction and speed of movement of transport in real-time requirements for dispatching services. * Accounting for the distance traveled and fuel consumption required for the timely passage of SO, to justify the cancellation of fuel and accounting systems, etc.

Urgent buy cars: so whether it was good actually

Today, services are urgently buy cars are extremely popular. We decided to look into that, so if the service is good, as it is described. The goal of each vehicle owner - sell my car as expensive as possible. In most cases we do not care who will be the buyer. The main thing is to respect our interests. Nevertheless, consumers also are not going to give in, so bring down the price. Experts believe that the used car purchase - a service that will solve all problems. In this case, you'll have to deal with the entire organization and skilled managers. They - and then will evaluate your vehicle and follow the legal purity of purchase - sale. You've probably heard that such services are paid large sums of money than individuals, but did not know why. We decided to dispel all doubts. First, let us consider how a person submits an ad to sell his iron horse. He appealed to the newspapers and on the pages of specialized sites, where hundreds of people offering their cars. Therefore, your ad can get lost and do, most people will not even see it. If you go to buy emergency service vehicles, the specialists will work only with your car. If we talk about price, then buy a car with a mileage of a service much more convenient. Experts objectively assess your iron horse, with all its advantages. The organization is not trying to understate the price, it is not profitable because the seller can go to another salon. In addition, even emergency vehicles and broken here will be taken. In most cases the services at its own expense restore the original look of the car and sell it for good money.

The loss of the needle valve leakage

In domestic carburetors often encountered such a failure, as wear and tear or loss of tightness of the needle valve in the float chamber. Such damage can happen to import carburetors, but for some reason it happens more often is at home. Determine the loss of tightness of the needle is very easy, looking from the top of the carburetor instigated the motor. At the two-chamber carburetor will be observed leaking gasoline from the nozzle of the second camera. This indicates an increase in leakage of the fuel in the float chamber. With a strong petrol worn needle will follow at the same time and in the first chamber. But first discharge always occurs in the second. An exception is the French two-chambered "Varadzhet." This carburetor gasoline transfusion was observed only in the first chamber. Motor with speed first increases, then gasps and muffled. On the single as the carburetor, "wetting" the needle valve is recognized by the rapid leakage of gasoline from the float chamber vents. Then run the engine will be very difficult because of the excess amount of gasoline in the cylinders. As you know, a very rich mixture does not burn. In this case, the motor is used to start scavenging. Purging is a long rotation starter with the throttle fully depressed. The loss of tightness needles can occur not only from the wear and tear. Any speck of dust stuck between the needle and seat blocks the mobility spines and petrol poured directly into the motor. Loosely twisted saddle or a bad gasket under it also leads to the overflow of gasoline.

Check the angle of the closed state of the contacts

To contact ignition systems mandatory procedure is to check the angle of the closed state of the contacts - UZSK. Domestic avtotestery measure this parameter in degrees. Imported avtotestery can measure this parameter (DWELL - measuring cycle) in%. Speaking of normal language - is a simple check of the gap between the contact breaker with avtotestera. Normal values ??of the gap in the measurement of a simple probe are as follows: 0.35 - 0.45 mm. When measuring UZSK: 50 - 60 degrees. When measuring in DWELL: 45 - 68 percent. Any other value outside these limits are faulty and need no adjustment. Use the tester in the measurement is a more progressive method, which resulted in increased speed and reliability of the results. You do not want to waste time removing the cover of the distributor, the engine spinning over the ratchet. You simply connect the two "crocodile" and crank the engine. Readings at idle speed should not vary from the readings at higher speeds for more than two digits of the measurement. The higher the number - the smaller the gap. The lower the number - the greater the gap. UZSK value is very important for the smooth operation of the ignition system. In the operation of the vehicle normal wear and tear is the contact pair, erasing the cams and the dielectric pads. As a result, reduced the gap between the contacts of the breaker, and the digital value becomes more UZSK. Maintenance Ignition distributor is recommended after 10-15 thousand miles.

Specifics of the regional auto parts store

The number of stores selling auto parts in the REGON growing very quickly. But it is very rarely open up really full of shops and warehouses of their own goods. Most often it is a kind of intermediary firms that have their own interest to deliver car parts wholesale warehouse to the customer. Margin of some of these stores up to 15-25%, although they themselves are at the same risk nothing. Roughly speaking, when you order in a regional auto parts store Ford, then on your order goes to the wholesaler from which comes a few days collecting the goods, which include parts you ordered. Gentleman set such store - batch of oil, a small seller, which can be expanded in shop windows and at best - a bit of car wheels, which in any event will sell. All major auto parts are bought from large wholesale companies. Due to what such stores will receive their orders? It's all pretty simple and prosaic. It's one thing when a person is required Ford auto parts that stand is really expensive. Then it makes sense for them to go to Moscow and save a little. It's quite another thing when you need auto parts worth several thousand. In this situation, it is possible to order them in a small store and a few days without any hassle to get their hands on. It is much easier than to go to Moscow in order to save five hundred rubles. In some cases, there are also major centers for auto parts, which have their own warehouses, and where you can immediately purchase auto parts for Ford and any other vehicles.

Universal mini-excavator for land improvement

Modern technology allows the construction of fountains implement the most complex architectural projects. A technique (mini-excavators) makes their arrangement, even in remote places. History excavators began in the first half of the fifteenth century with the publication in the Italian magazine article on the earthen equipment used in the deepening of the Venetian canals. Officially, however, it is believed that the first excavator, who has worked at laying canals in the outskirts of Milan, was invented by Leonardo da Vinci. With the advent of electricity, significant improvements have been, and construction machinery. Public at different times was represented by a number of interesting decisions. Excavators are widely used in the construction of dams, bridges and dams, cleaning of reservoirs. Modern excavators opened wide horizons for conducting land use planning and other activities. Due to their small size, high maneuverability and cross-country, they allow you to quickly conduct the work on complex sites. Mini excavators are indispensable for the construction of fountains and pools, landscaping parks and public recreation areas. To manage the engineering equipment and its maintenance is certainly required a basic knowledge of: the driver must complete the courses or specialized vocational school auto mechanics. Indeed, mini-excavators are used inside high-rise buildings, subway stations, on the other hard objects. Obvious advantages of compact construction equipment is low fuel consumption, which reduces production costs and cost of construction as a whole.

"Tankers" and "helicopter"! Pull the radio consoles

In recent decades, a boom in the world of toys made radio-controlled model. No, they, of course, created in the past - twenty, thirty or even forty years ago. But it was in comparison to today radio-controlled models? Heaven and earth! It's like comparing Roman legionary with his sword and dagger, and armed to the teeth SWAT model of the XXI century such modern, equipped with latest in electronic toys, like radio-controlled tanks and helicopters - a real breakthrough in the toy industry. Helicopters with gyroscopes, which are kept stable in the air and perform almost all the same maneuvers as the originals, the tanks with "real" shooting guns and "roar" of running engines - this is something! This is an excellent toy, not only for children but often for their parents. A gift to the birthday child the "real" fight between tanks and helicopters, which will come together to look at all the guests, young and old, it's - all unforgettable military-game show! Today, the toy industry produces an enormous amount of variety radio-controlled toys. One has only to type in any search engine on the internet buy radio-controlled helicopter search and you will see for yourself: eyes literally flee at the sight of so many not only proposals but, in the first place, the variety of models. For example, let's talk about the tanks, because the radio-controlled tanks - one of the most popular types of toys on radio. The range of these toys from the world's leading manufacturers of truly enormous.

Insufficient supply of fuel petrol pumps

In addition to the carburetor malfunction caused great delay in acceleration may be insufficient fuel supply is gasoline pump. This can occur at high speeds when the engine requires a lot of gasoline. To check the amount of fuel you need to follow a logical framework. On the way of gasoline from the tank to the carburetor can be many barriers to a greater or lesser extent, may impede the passage of fuel. If the random search problem, we can easily get lost in the diagnosis, make some unnecessary purchases and spend much time in vain. First, it checks the state of the fuel filter. An indicator of the purity of the fuel filter housing is transparent yellow filter element. The less visible yellow color, the more dirt in the filter. The more dirt, the worse the capacity of the filter element. Increasing the size of the filter means increases filter life. And vice versa. To ensure a clean filter to remove it, pour the gasoline out of it and try to blow it. Needless to say, that it is easy to clean filter is blown, and scored - in general is not blown. In addition to the fine filter replacement should still check the filter at the inlet to the carburetor. To visually assess the quality of the fuel should be removed from the carburetor fuel hose, send it in a clean plastic bottle and start the engine. For 10 - 12 seconds a mechanical pump should pump about 0.5 liters. gasoline. Poor fuel supply is always clearly expressed and fed her with a good will not mix. Gasoline should leave a strong pulsating jet with a cross section equal to the cross section of fuel hose.

Armored Ford. Specificity of repair and maintenance

Any car from time to time in need of repair - current, prophylactic or cosmetic. Sometimes - capital, but until then better not to take - too expensive. But, though there are cars in which any minor repairs is equal to capital costs and labor. This - armored cars. Their repair is extremely complex. For example armor protection class V6/V7 (protection against an army of small arms) makes the vehicle heavier than 1.5 tonnes on! Due to the large weight wear standard components and assemblies several times higher than normal wear and tear on the car, with an equal mileage. The most popular collector cars imported to Russia are Mercedes, Wolksvagen and Ford. The most massive machines are based on the Ford Transit and Ford Tourneo. Almost all components and assemblies on these vehicles are protected by armor, and it requires specialized knowledge in the removal and installation. It also requires special training. In addition, not every service station you can find the necessary equipment - such as a 4-rack lift with a capacity of more than five tons or special equipment to remove the installation armored. Weight armored vehicle windshield Ford Transit - 80 kg.Kuzovnoy repair Ford to book very difficult. C on the one hand because of the design features a "donor" Ford Transit. On the other, body armored Ford reinforce the installation bronelistov. Need a special tool, such as a device for plasma cutting - the fact that the treatment of armor by conventional methods, it loses its protective properties and is transformed into a simple metal.

Stacker equipment - the basis of successful service stations

Any modern car wash has a high level of technical equipment. For various types of repairs, he must possess a complex of technical means, which includes a lift, welding equipment, tire mounting equipment, various types of special equipment, such as installation of air conditioners for refueling and a host of other species. Of all the services provided by auto service business, one of the most popular and lucrative include body repair. Unfortunately, the operation of the car in our country is connected with relatively unfavorable road conditions and lack of driving culture. The result is a large number of accidents and damage the body, which makes car owners seek the services of specialists. Damage to the body, which leads to disruption of its geometrical parameters, not only affects the appearance of the car, and it undermines its driving characteristics, but also dramatically reduces the level of driving safety. To troubleshoot this kind requires special equipment for auto service. Such equipment is slipway. Slipway for body repair is a versatile equipment, which allows you to eliminate any faults - from small damage the body, prior to the violation of its geometry. Slipway consists of such basic elements as the platform and the power rack. Collision repair on the stocks provided by the application of simultaneous multi-ton efforts on certain areas of the body. This principle allows for minimal human intervention to achieve high efficiency and accuracy of repair. Currently leading manufacturers provide a wide range of such equipment.

Causes of persistent chemical deposits in the engines of passenger cars

The development of automobile manufacturing technology does not stand still - now managed to achieve performance, which has a couple of decades ago could not even dream of. Significantly increased the mileage engines, requiring major repairs, improved durability and maintainability, managed to increase its capacity and reduce fuel consumption. However, the engine was and is a detail car, which accounts for the highest loads during its operation. That is why the problem of wear and persistent chemical deposits that impede normal operation of a car, remains one of the most important tasks that require efficient and low-cost solutions. The first of these indicators - the degree of wear of engine parts - is gradually able to cope. If the earlier limit of the stock, causing the need to carry out repair or replace a toyota engine, was only a hundred thousand miles, but today this figure could be tripled. Make it a real help professional development of new formulas of oils and filters design, successfully used today in automobiles of domestic and imported. However, the problem appears chemical deposits, as of today, still not solved, and experts are still not ready to propose effective measures to protect the vehicles. The process of formation of chemical deposits on the different parts and accessories car already thoroughly studied. Thus, Automaster performing service toyota, well aware that the spray nozzle of the chemical processes are activated within minutes after stopping the hot engine - is a catalyst for high temperature metal surfaces and permanent contact with details of materials coming into interaction.

Repair rear window heater

Well, that is the Internet - whether some kind of problem, it is necessary to enter into a search engine keyword and within seconds the system will display the names of any of various sites that can help with the solution. It only remains to choose the right, and the trick is done! But when it comes to repairing your favorite car, so we call here in the usual Autotechcenter that can provide expert help - now's not a problem to get spare parts for any car domestic or foreign manufacture, including spare parts and Nyundai, which means that quality car repairs guaranteed. But first, you can try to cope on their own. If the faulty heater rear window in the car, and winter too on the nose, should be repaired "warmer", or so close to disaster. Heating - is deposited on the glass mesh of conductive material with an appropriate resistance. Typically, such horizontal yarns about ten, and a pillar of their ends are connected by two vertical wires, conductors. First of all, the cause of failure. It can be: - breaks strings - the damage can be seen with the naked eye, and the integrity of the thread can be recovered using a special stencil on which the brush is applied to conductive path from the tube with adhesive solution (all of which have included repairs to electric heaters) - wiring fault (in If there is no visible gaps) - it is determined with a voltmeter or avtotesterom: with the heater on the wires, the leads to the current terminals, voltage must be at least 11 in - broken pins on the heater (sometimes they are oxidized) - you need to contact directly, glued to the glass, to measure the voltage power cable, if it is below 11, then it must be "clean" - broken fuse (if the voltage is absent) - should change it.

Verification of components of the ignition system

Spark plugs are a very important element in the engine. This simple detail has very high demands. Candle operates at high temperatures, pressures and electrical stresses. During operation, the candle should oppose the formation of a conductive coating and does not crack from the sudden cooling. On the bottom of the insulator can be seen on the thermal characteristics of a candle. The shorter the protruding portion of the insulator, the better the heat transfer to the colder body and a candle. Conversely, the longer the lower part of the facility, the candle burning, as heat is removed from these candles over a longer path. Heat-quality candles expressed its glowing numbers, which is designated in the marking. Value glowing numbers on the plugs, and Bosch spark to the production of the Russian Federation: A8 A9 A10 A17 A20 AN AN A23 A26 RF WI0 W8 W6 W4 W2 W07 BOSCH W1I W9 W7 W5 W3 W08 in the process of the engine spark gap between the electrodes on the average increases by 0,015 1000 km. Therefore, we recommend a regular basis (8-10 thousand km.) Examine and reduce the gaps in the electrodes. The maximum term of a standard spark plug is according to different manufacturers from 15 to 30 thousand kilometers.